The fungus survives on infected crop debris in the soil for about 3 years. The seeds become shrivelled with dark patches. The spiny brown bug Clavigralla tomentosicollis is one of the most important pests of pigeon peas in Eastern Africa. Optimum temperatures for pigeon pea cultivation range from 18 to 38degC. On stems and leaf petioles the spots are slightly sunken. Ratoon cropping is mostly practised in pigeon pea producing areas in Kenya. Monitor regularly the crop to detect eggs and young caterpillars before they enter the pods, Conserve natural enemies. The larvae are creamy white. Some whiteflies cause major damage to cassava as vectors of cassava viruses. When damaged plants are detected, the cutworms normally can be found near the damaged plant and can be removed by hand. Adult whiteflies are about 1mm long. 44: 77-96. Traditional uses as medicine are many, e.g. Red spider mites are about 0.6 mm long. A male giant coreid bug / Tip wilter, its about 2cm. Nene, Ⓒ Clemson University, USDA (EcoPort, www.ecoport.org). Ⓒ Jeffrey Lotz, Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services. INTRODUCTION Common Name: Pigeon Pea, Congo Pea, Red Gram, Arhar. The fungus is soil-borne and it also survives on infected crop debris. Pigeon pea 1. Aphids seldom are a problem on pigeon pea, probably due to the effect of natural enemies. They feed on leaves, flowers and pods, destroying them. Adults of the lima bean pod borer are brown moths with a wing span of about 20-25 mm. Use neem extracts. Ellis. Nymphs resemble adults, but have no wings, and run sideways when disturbed. Adult thrips have characteristic wings; the transparent wings have a fringe of hairs around the outside edge standing out in the same plane as the wing. The most characteristic symptom is formation of root galls (knots) and these can be seen with the naked eye. The African bollworm (Helicoverpa armigera). It flowers well where rainfall is 1500 to 2000 mm. Tolerant to Fusarium wilt and leaf spot diseases. For instance, Neem: seeds and leaves (extracts or cake). Females lay eggs on the lower leaf surface in spiral patterns (like fingerprints) of white material secreted by the female. The most common pod-sucking bugs are: giant coreid bugs (Anoplocnemis spp), spiny brown bugs (Clavigralla spp), Riptortus bugs (Riptortus spp) and green stink bugs (Nezara viridula). Ferris, Pod fly (Melanagromyza chalcosoma) damage on pigeon pea. (Coptotermes formosanus). 42. International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics. Small, Sclerotia visible on the vascular bundles inside a maize stem, resulting from infection by charcoal stalk rot (Macrophomina phaseolina). The adult female is 0.6 mm long. However, in small pigeon pea plots that are in the flowering stage during the period of peak adult activity, most of the flowers may be eaten by the beetles and crop losses maybe substantial. Whiteflies (Bemisia tabaci, Trialeurodes vaporariorum and Aleyrodes proletella). The next crop entering is maize. Charcoal rot in soybean caused by Macrophomina phaseolina. The plants will grow in a wide range of soils, from sandy soil to clay and also in soils with low fertility. Ripening pods, Ⓒ Courtesy EcoPort (http://www.ecoport.org): Cornell University. The pod weevil Apion species on bean pod. The most important pests of pigeon peas are insects feeding on pigeon pea pods and seeds. Surveys in Kenya, Malawi, Tanzania and Uganda (Minja et al., 1999) have shown that the most important pests of pigeon pea pods and seeds in the region are: Varieties that mature during the dry season have low damage levels (Snapp et al., 2003). The disease can infect all aerial parts: leaves, flowers and pods. African Crop Science Journal 7 (1): 59-69. The tobacco whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) transmits the African cassava mosaic virus one of the most important factors limiting production in Africa. Though mainly nocturnal, the moth may also be seen during the day. It is eaten as a vegetable (immature pods or green pea) or as dried grain (cooked and eaten as dhal, dry split cotyledons). They lay eggs singly or in small groups on immature pods. Very much enlarged. Infected young plants may not show the purple band symptom but have conspicuous internal browning and blackening. Plant in fields away from perennial varieties, which could be a source of inoculums (infection). garlic, rotenone, neem, pyrethrum and a mixture of garlic and pepper etc.) Heavy attacks result in the leaflets turning red-brown, with subsequent defoliation and stunting. The centres of the spots have scattered dots (pycnidial bodies - fungal spores). Plant resistant varieties / lines, if available. The adult of the legume pod borer is a moth with a wing span of 15-30 mm. It is a small black fly that lays eggs through the walls of developing pods. Grows between 0-1800 m above sea level and performs well where temperatures are high. Plant in fields with no previous record of blight. Monitor the crop regularly. In dry areas, and especially in coarse-textured, infertile soils, farmers use wide spacing between plants to limit competition.Plants are fairly slow to start and weed control for the first two months is important in crop establishment. Geographical distribution of Pigeon Pea in Africa. They attack both pods in the field and seeds in storage. and Mylabris spp.). Green pods are picked over a long period in home gardens or hedge crops. pigeon pea n. 1. African bollworm (Helicoverpa armigera) damage on beans, Lima bean pod borer ( Etiella Zinckenella), (c) Clemson University, USDA, www.ipmimages.org. Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. Pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan) is actually a perennial legume from the family Fabaceae.The seeds have become a common food in Asia, Africa and Latin America.
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